Bioactivity of an Experimental Dental Implant with Anodized Surface.

BACKGROUND: Several studies proved that anodic oxidation improves osseointegration. This study aimed to optimize osseointegration through anodization in dental implants, obtaining anatase phase and controlled nanotopography. METHODS: The division of the groups with 60 titanium implants was: control (CG); sandblasted (SG); anodized (AG): anodized pulsed current (duty cycle 30%, 30 V, 0.2 A and 1000 Hz). Before surgery, surface characterization was performed using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Dispersive Energy Spectroscopy (EDS) and Raman Spectroscopy. For in vivo tests, 10 New Zealand white rabbits received an implant from each group. The sacrifice period was 2 and 6 weeks (n = 5) and the specimens were subjected to computed microtomography (µCT) and reverse torque test. RESULTS: AFM and SEM demonstrated a particular nanotopography on the surface in AG; the anatase phase was proved by Raman spectroscopy. In the µCT and in the reverse torque test, the AG group presented better results than the other groups. CONCLUSION: The chemical composition and structure of the TiO2 film were positively affected by the anodizing technique, intensifying the biological characteristics in osseointegration.

In vitro and in vivo biological performance of porous Ti alloys prepared by powder metallurgy.

Titanium (Ti) and Ti-6 Aluminium-4 Vanadium alloys are the most common materials in implants composition but ß type alloys are promising biomaterials because they present better mechanical properties. Besides the composition of biomaterial, many factors influence the performance of the biomaterial. For example, porous surface may modify the functional cellular response and accelerate osseointegration. This paper presents in vitro and in vivo evaluations of powder metallurgy-processed porous samples composed by different titanium alloys and pure Ti, aiming to show their potential for biomedical applications. The porous surfaces samples were produced with different designs to in vitro and in vivo tests. Samples were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and elastic modulus analyses. Osteogenic cells from newborn rat calvaria were plated on discs of different materials: G1-commercially pure Ti group (CpTi); G2-Ti-6Al-4V alloy; G3-Ti-13 Niobium-13 Zirconium alloy; G4-Ti-35 Niobium alloy; G5-Ti-35 Niobium-7 Zirconium-5 Tantalum alloy. Cell adhesion and viability, total protein content, alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralization nodules and gene expression (alkaline phosphatase, Runx-2, osteocalcin and osteopontin) were assessed. After 2 and 4 weeks of implantation in rabbit tibia, bone ingrowth was analyzed using micro-computed tomography (µCT). EDS analysis confirmed the material production of each group. Metallographic and SEM analysis revealed interconnected pores, with mean pore size of 99,5µm and mean porosity of 42%, without significant difference among the groups (p>0.05). The elastic modulus values did not exhibit difference among the groups (p>0.05). Experimental alloys demonstrated better results than CpTi and Ti-6Al-4V, in gene expression and cytokines analysis, especially in early experimental periods. In conclusion, our data suggests that the experimental alloys can be used for biomedical application since they contributed to excellent cellular behavior and osseointegration besides presenting lower elastic modulus.

Sinais radiográficos da densidade mineral óssea em radiografias panorâmicas de pacientes pré e pós-menopausa / Radiographic signs of bone mineral density in panoramic radiographs from pre and postmenopausal patients

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial de radiografias panorâmicas (RP) e seus índices radiomorfométricos como método auxiliar para o diagnóstico da osteoporose. Material e Método: Foram selecionadas vinte e cinco mulheres, que tinham sido encaminhadas para PR com fins diferentes. As PR foram analisadas de acordo com o MCI, que avalia o córtex mandibular abaixo do forame mentual, e, em seguida, divididos em dois grupos: normal, e perda mineral de osso. Scans de densitometria óssea foram obtidos (DXA) da coluna lombar e colo do fémur / fêmur inteiro, que foram utilizados como padrão-ouro para comparação com o MCI. Teste de Kappa (p < 0,05) foi utilizado para determinar a associação entre a MCI e leituras de densitometria óssea. Resultados: Em relação à DXA, 7 pacientes eram normais na coluna lombar ou fêmur, 24 pacientes apresentaram osteopenia na coluna lombar ou fémur e 9 indivíduos tinham osteoporose na coluna lombar ou fêmur. Em relação à associação entre a DXA e MCI, 18 pacientes apresentaram algum grau de perda óssea na coluna detectado por ambos DXA e o índice Klemetti. Conclusões: PR não deve ser utilizada para confirmar o diagnóstico de osteoporose ou osteopenia, mas pode ser útil para avaliar o risco de tais doenças estar presente.(AU)

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of panoramic radiographs (PR) and their radiomorphometric indices as an auxiliary method for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. Material and Methods: Twenty five women were selected, who had been prescribed PR for different purposes. The PR were analysed according to the MCI, which evaluates the mandibular cortex below the mental foramen, and then divided into two groups: normal and bone mineral loss. Bone densitometry scans were obtained (DXA) from the lumbar spine and neck of the femur/whole femur, which were used as the gold standard for comparison against the MCI. Kappa test (p< 0.05) was used to determine the association between the MCI and bone densitometry readings. Results: Regarding the DXA, 7 patients were normal at the lumbar spine or femur, 24 subjects showed osteopenia at the lumbar spine or femur and 9 subjects had osteoporosis at the lumbar spine or femur. Regarding the association between DXA and MCI, 18 subjects showed some degree of bone loss at the spine detected by both DXA and the Klemetti index. Conclusions: PR should not be used to confirm the diagnosis of osteoporosis or osteopenia, but may be useful to assess the risk of such diseases being present.(AU)

Prevalence of bifid mandibular canals by cone beam computed tomography.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of bifid mandibular canals (BMC) by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined CT scans from 300 patients both male and female, aged 25 to 87 years. The subjects were divided into groups according to gender, male group (MG) and female group (FG) as well as subgroups according to the side, right (R) and left (L). Tomographic acquisitions were performed on the device I-Cat ® Classic. Image analysis was performed on the XoranCat ® software of the equipment itself, aided by image filters associated with transverse, oblique, and panoramic reconstruction cuts for analysis of the BMC. The results were displayed as descriptive analysis of the values and comparisons between factors were performed using ANOVA at a significance level of 95 %. RESULTS: BMC was observed in 80 cases (26.67 %), of which, 39 (48.75 %) were in males and 41 (51.25 %) in females; no difference was seen between genders, neither by affected side, although the right side was more frequently affected (66.67 %) when both genders were combined. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of BMC is significant and should not be overlooked.

Comparison of accuracy between dental and skeletal age in the estimation of chronological age of Down syndrome individuals.

This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of dental age (DA) and skeletal age (SA) methods in order to estimate chronological age (CA) in individuals with Down syndrome (DS), contributing to the Forensic Dentistry and making the identification of these individuals age possible. For this, 278 images of individuals were selected and divided in 2 groups: 216 non-DS patients and 62 with DS. At first, DA was evaluated by Nolla method, on panoramic radiographs, followed by SA, evaluated by Greulich and Pyle method. The linear correlation coefficient of Pearson was used for the analysis of concordance between the methods. Paired t-test with confidence interval was used to evaluate the accuracy and Bland and Altman method was applied to estimate limits of concordance. Complementary to this first analysis, descriptive statistics and ANOVA test were applied for comparison among chronological age (CA), dental age (DA) and skeletal age (SA), with a significance level of 95% (p≥0.05), ordering to observe the differences among them. DA, estimated by Nolla, is underestimated in both, DS and non-DS individuals, and it is more notable in DS individuals. SA estimated by Greulich and Pyle method is overestimated, except for non-DS males. The range of variance is greater in SA and DS than DA and non-DS individuals, respectively. A greater accordance was found for DA×CA if compared to SA×CA, indicating that DA, estimated by Nolla method, is more accurate than SA, evaluated by Greulich and Pyle method, for estimating CA of both, DS and non-DS individuals. However, neither method seems to be precise and more caution is required for age estimation in DS individuals.

Location and classification of Canalis sinuosus for cone beam computed tomography: avoiding misdiagnosis.

The aim of this study was to assess the presence, location and, multiplanar distance of the canalis sinuosus (CS) between the incisive foramen and the anterior maxillary alveolar ridge using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Therefore, 500 CBCT maxillary images obtained from male and female patients aged 20 to 80 years were selected to assist in the dental treatment. Low-quality tomographic images were discarded. All images were captured with the i-CATTM Classic tomograph and assessed using the XoranCatTM software. The axial sections were analyzed at the incisive foramen in order to verify the CS presence in laterality and location. Furthermore, linear measurements of the nasal cavity floor, buccal cortical bone, and alveolar ridge crest were made. All the collected data were statistically analyzed. Results show a variation of the CS in relation to the classification and distance of anatomical structures, but no significant difference between the right and left sides. It should be highlighted that CBCT is necessary before invasive procedures in order to preserve important anatomical structures. In conclusion, the location of the CS varies in relation to the alveolar ridge crest and buccal cortical bone, assuming that it is going to be located by the upper lateral incisor palatine.

Efeito na osseointegração de um novo método de nanotexturização de superfície de implantes através de anodização / Effect on osseointegration of a new method of nano texturing implant surface by anodization

A Implantodontia é uma das áreas da Odontologia que mais tem evoluídonas últimas décadas. Diversos estudos são desenvolvidos na intenção deotimizar o processo de osseointegração utilizando a nanotopografia nasuperfície dos implantes. Atualmente o processo de anodização da superfície vem se destacando entre estas técnicas. Desta forma, o objetivo nesta pesquisa foi obter nano rugosidades e fase de anatase em implantes odontológicos de Titânio, buscando a otimização daosseointegração. Sessenta implantes foram caracterizados quanto àmorfologia, por meio de microscopia de força atômica (AFM) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV); quanto à composição química, por análise por detector de espectrometria por espalhamento de energia (EDS) e Espectroscopia Raman; e por fim, quanto ao potencial de corrosão, pela análise de impedância eletroquímica (EIE). A osteogênese, in vivo, foi comparada por Radiografia periapical (RP), Microtomografia Computadorizada (µTC) e teste de remoção por torque reverso; e, a análise in vitro, foi realizada por teste de citotoxicidade por MTT [(brometo de 3-4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-difeniltetrazoliol]. Os implantes foram divididos em: G1 (controle); Grupo 2 (jateado); Grupo 3 (anodizadoexperimental). Cada coelho recebeu um implante de cada grupo nastíbias direita e esquerda, e cinco coelhos, foram eutanasiados 2 e 6 semanas após a cirurgia. Os implantes da tíbia direita foram submetidos à RP e à µTC; e os da tíbia esquerda, ao teste de torque reverso e análise de citotoxicidade por MTT. AFM e MEV comprovaram a presença de nano rugosidades na superfície em G3; análises de EDS e Espectroscopia Raman, demonstraram aumento da camada do filme de TiO2 e a obtenção de anatase em G3. Na RP, nenhum implante apresentou halo radiolúcido. Na µTC, G3 foi sempre superior aos demais grupos nos parâmetros observados: BV, BV/TV, Tb.Th. No teste de torque reverso, houvenecessidade de maior força de remoção dos implantes anodizados. No ...

The Implantology is one of the areas of dentistry that has most evolved inrecent decades. Many studies have been developed with the intention ofoptimizing the osseointegration process using nanotopography on the surface of the implants. Currently the surface of the anodizing process has stood out among these techniques. Thus, the aim of this research was to obtain nano roughness and anatase phase in dental Titanium implants, seeking for the optimization of the osseointegration. Sixty implants were characterized for morphology by atomic force microscopy (AFM) andScanning Electron Microscopy (SEM); in chemical composition, by massspectrometry detector energy scattering (EDS) and Raman spectroscopy;and finally, as the potential for corrosion, the electrochemical impedance analysis (EIS). Osteogenesis in vivo was compared by Periapical Radiography (PR), Computed Microtomography (μTC), removal reverse torque test; and in vitro analysis, it was performed by MTT cytotoxicity -4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-difeniltetrazoliol]. The implants were divided into G1 (control); Group 2 (sandblasted); Group 3 (anodized-experimental). Each rabbit received an implant of each group inthe right and left tibias and five rabbits were euthanized 2 and 6 weeksafter surgery. The implants of the right tibia underwent PR and μTC; andthe left tibia, the reverse torque test and MTT cytotoxicity assay. AFM andSEM confirmed the presence of nano roughness on the surface in G3;EDS analysis and Raman spectroscopy showed increased TiO2 film layerand obtainment of anatase G3. In PR, no implant presented radiolucenthalo. In μTC, G3 has always been higher than the other groups in the observed parameters: BV, BV / TV, Tb.Th. In the reverse torque test, It was required greater removal force of anodized implants. In the MTT test, the experimental implants were nontoxic to cells. It was conclude that the anodizing process used in this study positively affected the chemical and ...

Efeito na osseointegração de um novo método de nanotexturização de superfície de implantes através de anodização / Effect on osseointegration of a new method of nano texturing implant surface by anodization

A Implantodontia é uma das áreas da Odontologia que mais tem evoluídonas últimas décadas. Diversos estudos são desenvolvidos na intenção deotimizar o processo de osseointegração utilizando a nanotopografia nasuperfície dos implantes. Atualmente o processo de anodização da superfície vem se destacando entre estas técnicas. Desta forma, o objetivo nesta pesquisa foi obter nano rugosidades e fase de anatase em implantes odontológicos de Titânio, buscando a otimização daosseointegração. Sessenta implantes foram caracterizados quanto àmorfologia, por meio de microscopia de força atômica (AFM) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV); quanto à composição química, por análise por detector de espectrometria por espalhamento de energia (EDS) e Espectroscopia Raman; e por fim, quanto ao potencial de corrosão, pela análise de impedância eletroquímica (EIE). A osteogênese, in vivo, foi comparada por Radiografia periapical (RP), Microtomografia Computadorizada (µTC) e teste de remoção por torque reverso; e, a análise in vitro, foi realizada por teste de citotoxicidade por MTT [(brometo de 3-4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-difeniltetrazoliol]. Os implantes foram divididos em: G1 (controle); Grupo 2 (jateado); Grupo 3 (anodizadoexperimental). Cada coelho recebeu um implante de cada grupo nastíbias direita e esquerda, e cinco coelhos, foram eutanasiados 2 e 6 semanas após a cirurgia. Os implantes da tíbia direita foram submetidos à RP e à µTC; e os da tíbia esquerda, ao teste de torque reverso e análise de citotoxicidade por MTT. AFM e MEV comprovaram a presença de nano rugosidades na superfície em G3; análises de EDS e Espectroscopia Raman, demonstraram aumento da camada do filme de TiO2 e a obtenção de anatase em G3. Na RP, nenhum implante apresentou halo radiolúcido. Na µTC, G3 foi sempre superior aos demais grupos nos parâmetros observados: BV, BV/TV, Tb.Th. No teste de torque reverso, houvenecessidade de maior força de remoção dos implantes anodizados...

The Implantology is one of the areas of dentistry that has most evolved inrecent decades. Many studies have been developed with the intention ofoptimizing the osseointegration process using nanotopography on the surface of the implants. Currently the surface of the anodizing process has stood out among these techniques. Thus, the aim of this research was to obtain nano roughness and anatase phase in dental Titanium implants, seeking for the optimization of the osseointegration. Sixty implants were characterized for morphology by atomic force microscopy (AFM) andScanning Electron Microscopy (SEM); in chemical composition, by massspectrometry detector energy scattering (EDS) and Raman spectroscopy;and finally, as the potential for corrosion, the electrochemical impedance analysis (EIS). Osteogenesis in vivo was compared by Periapical Radiography (PR), Computed Microtomography (μTC), removal reverse torque test; and in vitro analysis, it was performed by MTT cytotoxicity -4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-difeniltetrazoliol]. The implants were divided into G1 (control); Group 2 (sandblasted); Group 3 (anodized-experimental). Each rabbit received an implant of each group inthe right and left tibias and five rabbits were euthanized 2 and 6 weeksafter surgery. The implants of the right tibia underwent PR and μTC; andthe left tibia, the reverse torque test and MTT cytotoxicity assay. AFM andSEM confirmed the presence of nano roughness on the surface in G3;EDS analysis and Raman spectroscopy showed increased TiO2 film layerand obtainment of anatase G3. In PR, no implant presented radiolucenthalo. In μTC, G3 has always been higher than the other groups in the observed parameters: BV, BV / TV, Tb.Th. In the reverse torque test, It was required greater removal force of anodized implants. In the MTT test, the experimental implants were nontoxic to cells. It was conclude that the anodizing process used in this study positively affected the chemical and...

Location and classification of Canalis sinuosus for cone beam computed tomography: avoiding misdiagnosis

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the presence, location and, multiplanar distance of the canalis sinuosus (CS) between the incisive foramen and the anterior maxillary alveolar ridge using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Therefore, 500 CBCT maxillary images obtained from male and female patients aged 20 to 80 years were selected to assist in the dental treatment. Low-quality tomographic images were discarded. All images were captured with the i-CATTM Classic tomograph and assessed using the XoranCatTM software. The axial sections were analyzed at the incisive foramen in order to verify the CS presence in laterality and location. Furthermore, linear measurements of the nasal cavity floor, buccal cortical bone, and alveolar ridge crest were made. All the collected data were statistically analyzed. Results show a variation of the CS in relation to the classification and distance of anatomical structures, but no significant difference between the right and left sides. It should be highlighted that CBCT is necessary before invasive procedures in order to preserve important anatomical structures. In conclusion, the location of the CS varies in relation to the alveolar ridge crest and buccal cortical bone, assuming that it is going to be located by the upper lateral incisor palatine.

Avaliação da prevalência de canais mandibulares bífidos em tomografia computadorizada por feixe cônico / Evaluation of the prevalence of bifid mandibular canals in cone beam CT

O canal mandibular pode apresentar diferentes morfologias, em alguns casos, existe a presença de um canal acessório chamado bífido. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de canais mandibulares bífidos (CMB) por meio de Tomografia Computadorizada por Feixe Cônico (TCFC). Examinaram-se tomografias de 300 pacientes tanto do sexo masculino quanto do feminino, com idade compreendida entre, 25 a 87 anos, submetidos ao exame para avaliação da mandíbula. Os indivíduos foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o sexo, GM para o masculino e GF para o feminino, e dois subgrupos de acordo com o lado examinado, D para o direito e E para o esquerdo. Todas as aquisições tomográficas seguiram um mesmo protocolo de aquisição e a análise das imagens se deu num mesmo software. Foram utilizados filtros de imagens associados aos cortes transversais, oblíquos e reconstrução panorâmica para análise do CMB. Realizaram-se análises descritivas dos valores e comparações entre os fatores pelo teste Anova com significância de 95%. Foi possível observar que os CMB ocorreram em 80 casos (26,67%), destes, 39 (48,75%) no sexo masculino e 41 (51,25%) no feminino, não sendo verificadas diferenças nas mensurações comparadas por sexo (masc p=0,788; fem p=0,140) nem por lado acometido (dir p=0,365; esq p=0,412), apesar do direito ter sido mais frequente (66,67%) em ambos os sexos. Desta forma, pode-se concluir que a prevalência dos CMB é significante e não deve ser negligenciada pelos cirurgiões dentistas

The mandibular canal can have different morphologies, in some cases is present a second canal (bifid). The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of bifid mandibular canals (BMC) by Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Cone beam CT scans of 300 patients, both male and female, aged 25 to 87 years old, who underwent the examination for evaluation of the mandible, were examined. Patients were divided into two groups according to sex, GM for male and GF for females, and two subgroups according to the side examined, R for right and L for left. All tomographic acquisitions were followed by the same protocol and images analysis were made on the same software. Image filters associated with cross-seccional slices, oblique and panoramic reconstruction for the analysis of BMC were used. Analyses of descriptive values and comparisons were made between ANOVA test with a significance of 95%. It was observed that there were 80 cases of BMC (26. 67%), 39 (48. 75%) in male and 41 (51. 25%) in females. There was no difference in measurements compared by sex (p=0.788 male; p=0.140 female) and for the affected side (p=0.365 right, p=0.412 left), although the right side was more frequent (66.67%) in both sexes. Thus, it can be concluded that the incidence of BMC is relevant and should not be overlooked by dentists